An aromatic-cationic tetrapeptide that concentrates in the inner mitochondrial membrane, where it binds cardiolipin — the signature phospholipid of that membrane. By stabilising cardiolipin interactions with cytochrome c and respiratory supercomplexes, it aims to improve electron transport efficiency and reduce reactive oxygen species generation. Mechanistically the most specific target in this category.
The most clinically advanced peptide in the longevity group. Multiple trials in primary mitochondrial myopathy, Barth syndrome, and ophthalmic disease. Results have been mixed, and the regulatory path has been difficult — efficacy has not been straightforwardly established.
Not FDA-approved. Investigational, with an active clinical development programme. Status has shifted repeatedly; verify current position.
Trial safety data exist — a meaningful distinction from most peptides here. Injection-site reactions common. Efficacy, not safety, has been the limiting question.
Forge Bioenergy does not publish dosing, reconstitution, or administration protocols for any peptide. See our editorial policy for why. If you are considering any substance on this page, that conversation belongs with a licensed physician.
Regulatory status changes. This page reflects our reading of public sources as of July 2026 and should be independently verified before it is relied upon.